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Experimental Investigation of the Structural Coloured Reflections from Elytra of the Megacephala Regalis Citernii
Issaka Ouedraogo,
Wend Dolean Arsene Ilboudo,
Winde Nongue Daniel Koumbem,
Alioune Ouedraogo
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 6, November 2022
Pages:
186-190
Received:
12 October 2022
Accepted:
27 October 2022
Published:
4 November 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajbio.20221006.11
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Abstract: This article is devoted to the study of the structural layers origin of the mixed color blue, yellow-green and red reflections from elytra of the Megacephala Regalis Citernii, a bug species. So, we proceed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and spectrophotometry characterization of these layers to explain the origin of the mixed color blue, yellow-green and red of the elytra. We also use a numerical method to simulate the spectrum measured. Indeed, the measurements spectrum gives three main pic reflectance wave length is respectively: λ1 = 491,5 nm, λ2 = 624,5 nm, and λ3 = 654,5 nm and are the area of the color of blue, yellow-green and red. The calculation of the dominant wavelength is estimated at λ1 = 515 nm, λ2 = 551,04 nm; λ3 = 621,68 nm. The numerical results show also three main peak at the spectrum calculation: λ1 = 493 nm, λ2 = 581,2 nm, λ3 = 625,68 nm. these results confirm that structure responsible the mixed color of the elytra of the Megacephala Regalis Citernii, is a multilayer. Finally, these multilayers are iridescent. It is possible to consider artificial reproduction for the multilayer through a process of deposits in order to manufacture materials at nanometer scale with selective reflection.
Abstract: This article is devoted to the study of the structural layers origin of the mixed color blue, yellow-green and red reflections from elytra of the Megacephala Regalis Citernii, a bug species. So, we proceed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and spectrophotometry characterization of these layers to explain the origin of the mixed color blue, yell...
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Comparison of Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Attack Incidence on Five Onion (Allium cepa L., 1753) Varieties
Douan Bleu Gondo,
Diarrassouba Nafan,
Koffi Eric Blanchard Zadjehi,
Coulibaly Tenon
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 6, November 2022
Pages:
191-194
Received:
26 October 2022
Accepted:
11 November 2022
Published:
22 November 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajbio.20221006.12
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Abstract: Onion (Allium cepa L.) is a widely consumed food product in Ivory Coast. Unfortunately, low local production is noted, forcing the State to remain dependent on the countries of the sub-region and Europe. A significant increase in local onion production is, therefore, necessary. This necessarily involves sustainable management of the entomological constraints of onion cultivation which remains little known in Ivory Coast to date. This study aims at evaluating thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) incidences, the main insects harmful to onion cultivation in the northern Ivory Coast. These incidences were evaluated on five (5) onion varieties (SAFARI, BATI, CARA, VIOLET DE GALMI, and ROUGE KARIBOU) on a weekly basis from four (4) weeks after transplanting until bulbs maturity. A factorial ANOVA was used to test the variety and sampling period effects. It showed that the incidence of thrips is low at the start of cultivation, and increases significantly with vegetative growth. The incidences of thrips vary between onion varieties. SAFARI was the most attacked variety by thrips with incidences that can exceed 40%. SAFARI was followed by BATI, CARA, and VIOLET DE GALMI which presented intermediate incidence. ROUGE KARIBOU variety recorded incidences of less than 20% throughout the crop cycle. This variety (ROUGE KARIBOU) could be recommended to market gardeners because it is less attractive to thrips.
Abstract: Onion (Allium cepa L.) is a widely consumed food product in Ivory Coast. Unfortunately, low local production is noted, forcing the State to remain dependent on the countries of the sub-region and Europe. A significant increase in local onion production is, therefore, necessary. This necessarily involves sustainable management of the entomological c...
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Cytogenotoxicity of the Aqueous Extract of Bitter Kola (Garcinia kola: Clusiaceae) Using Allium cepa Assay
Seino Richard Akwanjoh,
Ngnaniyyi Abdoul,
Endum Lucas Akacha,
Dongmo Tonleu Ingrid
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 6, November 2022
Pages:
195-200
Received:
29 October 2022
Accepted:
22 November 2022
Published:
15 December 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajbio.20221006.13
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Abstract: Bitter kola (Garcinia kola) is the African wonder nut that is widely eaten for its medicinal properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential genotoxic effects of the aqueous extract of G. kola nuts using the Allium cepa test system. Roots of A. cepa were treated to a series of concentrations, 0 µg/ml, 5.0 µg/ml, 10.0 µg/ml, 25.0 µg/ml and 40.0 µg/ml for a period of 72 hours. The results indicated that percentage growth of roots and mitotic chromosome behaviour was inversely proportional to the concentration of extract. Increase in concentration of extract significantly reduced the number of roots and the length of roots recorded indicating a progressive inhibition of the mitotic activity of the meristematic cells. The mean number of roots (3.2±5.97) and mean length of roots (1.3±0.53cm) were minimum at the highest concentration of extract (40µg/ml). Mitotic index was also minimum (0.44±0.05%) at the highest concentration (40µg/ml) of the G. kola extract. The genotoxicity of the extract was measured using the frequency of chromosomal aberrations which revealed a high frequency of Anaphase chromosomal bridges, Anaphase laggards, sticky chromosomes and nuclear vacuoles. The highest percentage of abnormal cells (3.65±3.49%) was determined for the highest concentration (40µg/ml) of extract. The chromosomal abnormalities were evidences of the action of the aqueous extract on the mitotic spindle and the coiling of chromosomes during anaphase to telophase These results are therefore enough to conclude that G. kola extract possesses cytotoxic and cytogenotoxic properties.
Abstract: Bitter kola (Garcinia kola) is the African wonder nut that is widely eaten for its medicinal properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential genotoxic effects of the aqueous extract of G. kola nuts using the Allium cepa test system. Roots of A. cepa were treated to a series of concentrations, 0 µg/ml, 5.0 µg/ml, 10.0 µg/ml, 25.0 ...
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Evaluation of Anticonvulsant and Anxiolytic Effects of Aqueous Extract of Draceana reflexa Leaves in Rats
Bassoueka D’Avila Judicaël,
Okemi Andissa Nadege,
Peneme Max Bonaventure Lazard,
Lemba Nganga Ella,
Abena Ange Antoine
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 6, November 2022
Pages:
201-205
Received:
16 November 2022
Accepted:
5 December 2022
Published:
15 December 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajbio.20221006.14
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Abstract: Naturally, Anxiety is a public disorder of high co-morbidity related to epilepsy, an enduring neurologic disease considered by persistent seizures. Existing drugs used for these situations have some restrictions for example spiking side effects, deterioration, and ineptness in certain people needing the look for other possibilities. The aqueous extract of Draceana reflexa leaves is broadly used for its several health-promoting effects with release of seizures and anxiety in ethnomedicine. Medicinal plants used for the epilepsy therapy have been systematically revealed to own hopeful anticonvulsant and anxiolytic effects during the anticonvulsant activity in animal experiments and can be a basis of fresher antiepileptics. Then, Draceana reflexa as a plant which belongs to the Asparagaceae family has been used in traditional medicine in Congo Republic for treating epilepsy and anxiety. Therefore, the current research work aimed to assess anticonvulsant and anxiolytic effect of Draceana reflexa including its mechanism on severe and long-lasting administration when using rats. Extracts of Draceana reflexa leaves were investigated for anticonvulsant effect induced seizures in rats at doses of 50,100 and 200 mg/Kg, respectively. The results found indicated that the extract of Draceaena reflexa leaves at all doses increases and decreases significantly the time of onset and the duration of convulsions respectively. Draceaena reflexa aqueous extract shows also a significant decrease in motor activity as does Diazepam and an increase in the immobility time by using the forced swimming test. This study suggests that Draceaena reflexa leaves considering social interaction-promoting effect might be of profit as an accessory in refining the life superiority of epileptic patients.
Abstract: Naturally, Anxiety is a public disorder of high co-morbidity related to epilepsy, an enduring neurologic disease considered by persistent seizures. Existing drugs used for these situations have some restrictions for example spiking side effects, deterioration, and ineptness in certain people needing the look for other possibilities. The aqueous ext...
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Wasp Venom (Polistes flavus) Induced Bio-molecular and Enzymatic Alterations in Albino Mice and Its Reversal After Using Anti-venom
Krishna Kumar Prajapati,
Ravi Kant Upadhyay
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 6, November 2022
Pages:
206-219
Received:
4 November 2022
Accepted:
25 November 2022
Published:
23 December 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajbio.20221006.15
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Abstract: In the present investigation, in vivo effects of wasp toxin were evaluated on reversal of metabolic enzymes after providing purified anti-venom antibodies (anti-toxins) at 4 hour of treatment with 40% 24-h LD50. Venom glands of yellow wasp Polistes flavus were homogenized and loaded on gel filtration column for purification and isolation of venom toxins/proteins from wasp Polistes flavus. These proteins were venom proteins ranging from 14.3-63 kDa. The yellow wasp venom proteins obtained from the lyophilization of the two peaks caused toxicity in the albino mice. The LD50 of the yellow wasp Polistes flavus venom protein was found 36.11 mg/kilogram body weight i.e., 0.03611 mg/gram body weight of albino mice. Presence of antibodies in antiserum was tested by using the immune-double diffusion method of Ouchterlony (1962). A precipitin ring was obtained by filling purified antigen and antibody interaction after 24 hrs. Albino mice were treated with 40% of 24-h LD50 of purified wasp venom pre-incubated with different doses of purified wasp anti-venom and the neutralizing effects of anti-venom was measured in terms of reversal of metabolic alterations caused by wasp venom, after 4 hours of the treatment. The purified wasp anti-venom significantly (p<0.05) reversed the metabolic alterations caused by the wasp venom. The reversal of venom induced metabolic alteration in alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, glutamate pyruvate transaminase, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, lactic dehydrogenase and acetylcholinesterase activity in the serum of albino mice was dose dependent (p<0.05, student t-test). This restoration of enzyme levels in blood serum, liver and gastrocnemius muscles of albino mice also display healing of liver damage, and necrosis in hepatic cells.
Abstract: In the present investigation, in vivo effects of wasp toxin were evaluated on reversal of metabolic enzymes after providing purified anti-venom antibodies (anti-toxins) at 4 hour of treatment with 40% 24-h LD50. Venom glands of yellow wasp Polistes flavus were homogenized and loaded on gel filtration column for purification and isolation of venom t...
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Evaluation of the Chemical and Biological Properties of Oil Extracted from Detoxified Rubber Tree (Hevea Brasiliensis) Kernels
Bamba Soualiho,
Jean-Claude N'Guessan Yao,
Kouadio Kouakou John,
Kanate Losseyni,
Adima Amissa Augustin
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 6, November 2022
Pages:
220-229
Received:
26 November 2022
Accepted:
12 December 2022
Published:
23 December 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajbio.20221006.16
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Abstract: The rubber kernel is rich in nutrients. But its toxicity due to hydrocyanic acid is a problem for its use in food. This bitter almond contains a high concentration of cyanide (2712.4 mg/kg). Its extracts are therefore declared not to comply with the recommendations of the food standards. However, the rubber plantations in Côte d'Ivoire provide a large quantity of seeds, and only 10% of these seeds are used to make plants. The remaining 90% is left in the plantations, which represents an annual production of about 75,000 to 100,000 tons of rubber seeds to be used in Ivorian rubber farming. It is in this context that the cyanogenetic study of the kernel was conducted. The evaluation of the total and free cyanide content of the extracts during operations such as: solar drying of the seeds and kernels in an oven, optimization of the biochemical hydrolysis of cyanoglycosides and roasting of the crushed material, made it possible to develop the present process for detoxifying the extracts from the kernel, particularly the oil and the cake. The residual hydrocyanic acid content decreased from 2712.4mg/kg to 0.38mg/kg (<35mg/Kg), as recommended by the standards for cyanogenic almonds. The rubber tree oil produced had an essential fatty acid profile of 30.9% omega 6 and 6.2% omega 3. And the study of the acute and sub-acute toxicity of the oil produced was carried out with the aim of valorising the rubber seeds in the food and cosmetic field. The absence of deaths and clinical signs observed would indicate that the oil produced by this process is not toxic at the high dose of 2000mg/kg. Pc and at the dose of 5000mg/kg. Pc. Evaluation of chronic administration of the extract on relative organ weights and determination of biochemical parameters such as urea; creatine (CREA); alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity reveal that the oil does not contain toxic substances that would contribute to disrupting the integrity of liver tissue. The evaluation of the chemical and biological properties reveals that, after being detoxified into cyanides, rubber tree oil can be used in food or in cosmetics.
Abstract: The rubber kernel is rich in nutrients. But its toxicity due to hydrocyanic acid is a problem for its use in food. This bitter almond contains a high concentration of cyanide (2712.4 mg/kg). Its extracts are therefore declared not to comply with the recommendations of the food standards. However, the rubber plantations in Côte d'Ivoire provide a la...
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Evaluation of the Nephroprotective Effect of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Gentamicin-Induced Renal Toxicity in Albino Wistar Rats
Ahon Gnamien Marcel,
Ouattara Sitapha,
Djyh Bernard Nazaire,
Lago Gnonseka Constantin Mederic,
Yapi Houphouet Felix,
Djaman Allico Joseph
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 6, November 2022
Pages:
230-237
Received:
16 November 2022
Accepted:
5 December 2022
Published:
30 December 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajbio.20221006.17
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Abstract: The kidney performs several important functions in the body. Its failure leads to a dysfunction that deserves a solution. Thus, this study was initiated to investigate the protective effects of omega-3 fatty acids on nephrotoxicity. For this purpose, 48 Albino Wistar rats (male and female) were divided into 8 groups of 6 rats. The first group, serving as a control, received 1 mL/g body weight of distilled water daily by gavage and a 0.9% NaCl solution intraperitoneally one hour later. The second, received gentamicin at a dose of 80 mg/Kg/day by intraperitoneal injection for 7 days, the third, treated with the combination of omega 3 by gavage at a dose of 200 mg/Kg of body weight plus gentamicin by intraperitoneal injection at a dose of 80 mg/Kg for the same period. The fourth, treated with the combination of omega 3 by gavage at a dose of 600 mg/Kg body weight plus gentamycin by intraperitoneal injection at a dose of 80 mg/Kg for 7 days, the fifth, treated with the combination of vitamin E at a dose of 250 mg/kg/day body weight by gavage plus gentamicin by intraperitoneal injection at a dose of 80 mg/Kg for 7 days. The sixth and seventh received 200 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg body weight by gavage of omega-3 for 7 days, respectively. The last group received vitamin E at a dose of 250 mg/kg/day of body weight by gavage. Omega-3 at a dose of 600 mg/kg body weight exerts a protective effect against induced nephrotoxicity in rats (especially females), with a decrease in urea and creatinine levels. The consumption of food rich in omega 3 in the protection of the kidneys advised. Further studies could be envisaged to compare the protective effects of omega-3 with other polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-6 and 9) on nephrotoxicity.
Abstract: The kidney performs several important functions in the body. Its failure leads to a dysfunction that deserves a solution. Thus, this study was initiated to investigate the protective effects of omega-3 fatty acids on nephrotoxicity. For this purpose, 48 Albino Wistar rats (male and female) were divided into 8 groups of 6 rats. The first group, serv...
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