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Importance of Participatory Variety Selection and Participatory Plant Breeding in Variety Development and Adoption
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 2, March 2022
Pages:
35-43
Received:
20 January 2022
Accepted:
17 February 2022
Published:
15 March 2022
Abstract: Participatory varietal selection and participatory plant breeding are two new terminologies that include both old and new concepts and procedures. The degree and timing of farmer involvement in plant breeding determines the difference between participatory varietal selection and participatory plant breeding. The main difference between participatory plant breeding and participatory varietal selection is the degree of farmer involvement in the various stages of the breeding program. Participatory varietal selection involves farmers testing and selecting new varieties generated by the institutional system in their fields and at local research stations in a range of environments, as well as comparing these varieties to local farmer varieties while in a participatory plant breeding, farmers are often involved in decision-making throughout the breeding process, not just in the final testing of advanced breeding lines. Farmers are the primary beneficiaries of a participatory variety selection program because they are the end-users of agricultural technologies. The participatory variety selection method provides researchers valuable feedback that allows them to focus their research program to properly meet the demands of farmers. The poorest farmers should to profit from new varieties by promoting collaboration between plant breeders and farmers. However, poor farmers in marginal areas continue to produce obsolete crop varieties that are low yielding, susceptible to pests and disease and are less fitted to farmers' actual challenges and opportunities. These farmers have little exposure to new varieties, and those that have been released are frequently unsuitable for marginal areas. Therefore, participatory variety selection is very critical to introducing improved crop varieties to new growing environments based on farmers preferred traits and selected improved crop varieties. In order to enhance improved crop varieties, farmers' preferences must be taken into account across regions and growing seasons that farmers will accept. Generally, participatory varietal selection and participatory plant breeding are the way to overcome the issue of local adaptation and demand driven improved technologies. Participatory Varietal Selection and client-oriented breeding are two methods used to achieve farmers’ profitability with improved crop varieties.
Abstract: Participatory varietal selection and participatory plant breeding are two new terminologies that include both old and new concepts and procedures. The degree and timing of farmer involvement in plant breeding determines the difference between participatory varietal selection and participatory plant breeding. The main difference between participator...
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Hybrid Performance and Standard Heterosis of Maize (Zea mays L.) for Grain Yield and Yield Related Trait in Eastern Ethiopia
Woldu Mogesse,
Habtamu Zeleke
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 2, March 2022
Pages:
44-50
Received:
26 January 2022
Accepted:
26 February 2022
Published:
23 March 2022
Abstract: Determination of standard heterosis in maize hybrids is required for their commercial exploitation and thereby enhancing their productivity. Therefore, the research designed to determine the performance of hybrid and their economic heterosis to enhance the production and productivity of maize. The experimental material, comprised twenty-eight F1 hybrids along with the standard check (BHQPY-545), were evaluated using Alpha-Lattice Design with three replications during 2018 and 2019 cropping season at Haramaya University Research Site (Raare). Analysis of variance due to mean square of genotype exhibit significant difference for grain yield, ear diameter, anthesis-silking interval, days to maturity, number of kernels per row, number of kernel rows per ear and 1000-kernel weight. The mean value of the six crosses L1×L3, L1×L8, L3×L5, L4×L8, L6×L8 and L2×L4 had higher grain yield than the standard check BHQPY-545. The highest percentage of standard heterosis for grain yield was obtained from the crosses L1×L3 (11.05%), L1×L8 (10.89%), L3×L5 (6.97%), L4×L8 (5.61%) over BHQPY-545, indicating these hybrids had superior potential for commercial cultivation. The highest significant positive standard heterosis for 1000-kernel weight, number of kernels per row, ear length and ear diameter was manifested by the crosses L3×L5 (37.64%), L1×L3 (15.66%) L5×L6 (11.32%), and L2×L8 (15.21%), over BHQPY-545. The observed highest heterosis for grain yield and yield related traits indicates the potential of F1 hybrids; therefore, such promising hybrids could be recommended for further use in breeding program and/or commercial use, after verifying the results by repeating the research across locations.
Abstract: Determination of standard heterosis in maize hybrids is required for their commercial exploitation and thereby enhancing their productivity. Therefore, the research designed to determine the performance of hybrid and their economic heterosis to enhance the production and productivity of maize. The experimental material, comprised twenty-eight F1 hy...
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Gelsemium Low Doses Increases Bioenergetics and Neurite Outgrowth
Imane Lejri,
Amandine Grimm,
Pascal Trempat,
Naoual Boujedaini,
Anne Eckert
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 2, March 2022
Pages:
51-60
Received:
18 February 2022
Accepted:
15 March 2022
Published:
23 March 2022
Abstract: Gelsemium sempervirens (GS) is a traditional medicinal plant, previously identified as a remedy for a variety of psychological and behavioral symptoms of anxiety and depression at ultra-low doses. Changes in neural plasticity have been shown to play a significant role in the onset and development of those mental illnesses. Mitochondria play an extremely important role in the central nervous system by being the main energy producer through oxidative phosphorylation and being involved in the regulation of cell survival and death, as well as synaptic plasticity. Neurite outgrowth is the differentiation process by which neurons establish synapses through the protrusion of neurons and their extension. Because the effects of GS dilutions on mitochondrial function and neuroplasticity remain elusive, we aimed to investigate whether a treatment with GS at low doses (centesimal dilutions, C) improved bioenergetic parameters such as ATP production, mitochondrial respiration, cellular glycolysis, and neurite outgrowth. Nerve growth factor (NGF), which is known as a promotor of cell growth and survival, was used as a positive control. Our results demonstrate that GS dilutions (3C and 5C) efficiently ameliorated the bioenergetics of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells by increasing cellular ATP level and mitochondrial respiration as well as promoting cell survival. In addition, GS dilutions significantly improved neurite extension in 2D as well as 3D culture models after 3 days of treatment. 3C and 5C dilutions showed similar functional effects to those obtained with the positive control nerve growth factor (NGF). These findings indicate that GS dilutions modulate mitochondrial bioenergetic phenotype and improve neurite formation. The mitochondrial function-improving properties of GS dilutions may represent one possible pathway contributing to its neuroprotective effects.
Abstract: Gelsemium sempervirens (GS) is a traditional medicinal plant, previously identified as a remedy for a variety of psychological and behavioral symptoms of anxiety and depression at ultra-low doses. Changes in neural plasticity have been shown to play a significant role in the onset and development of those mental illnesses. Mitochondria play an extr...
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Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria in Optimizing Phosphorous Acquisition and Crop Production
Mamo Bekele,
Wubayehu Gebremedhin
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 2, March 2022
Pages:
61-68
Received:
14 February 2022
Accepted:
18 March 2022
Published:
23 March 2022
Abstract: Phosphorous is a key essential element for overall plant life cycles and today its availability in the soil is a great challenge due to quick fixation in different soil types. Today the only solution on the hands of farmers is using chemical fertilizer. However, synthetic fertilizer have numerous negative impacts on environment, soil fertility depletion, human healthy and the microbial diversity and ecology. Using microorganisms as bio-fertilizers would be the viable complementary option for the livelihood of farmers and the environment. Those microbes speed up the microbial process immediately after directly added to soil or through seed treating as bio fertilizer and growing their population. This process facilitates the nutrient uptake of plant which is available for the targeted objectives. Groups of bacteria such as Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Rhizobium and Enterobacter etc. are the main phosphate solubilizing microbes through production of organic acid production and known as bio-fertilizer for cereal crops. However, still there are little awareness and huge knowledge gap on the importance of those microbes on their contribution for agricultural inputs. This review articles therefore summarizes the different mechanisms on how phosphate solubilizing bacteria make available inert phosphorous and information related with phosphate solubilizing bacteria.
Abstract: Phosphorous is a key essential element for overall plant life cycles and today its availability in the soil is a great challenge due to quick fixation in different soil types. Today the only solution on the hands of farmers is using chemical fertilizer. However, synthetic fertilizer have numerous negative impacts on environment, soil fertility depl...
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Review on Role of Mobile Element in Crop Genetic Variability
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 2, March 2022
Pages:
69-74
Received:
18 February 2022
Accepted:
24 March 2022
Published:
29 March 2022
Abstract: Transposable elements make up a significant portion of plant genomes and are thought to play a key role in genomic reorganization and functional alterations. Transposable elements are known to cause a wide range of gene expression and function modifications in plants. This has led to the hypothesis that transposable element activity aided adaptive plant evolution. Transposons are controlled by a collection of mechanisms that identify and epigenetically quiet them, despite the fact that they are potentially very mutagenic. Two basic properties are shared by all transposable elements. The first is their ability to travel about the genome, which is why they're called mobile DNAs or transposable elements. The second is their ability to use this transposition to increase their copy number inside the genome, giving them a selective function that can make them selfish or parasitic DNAs. The distribution of transposable elements in the repeat-rich genomes of barley and bread wheat can be divided into three compartments (distal, interstitial, and proximal) that differ in age and type, gene density and function, and recombination frequency, implying that transposable elements are distributed differently in the repeat-rich genomes of barley and bread wheat. Transposable elements are thought to play a key role in genome organization and evolution. TEs have the potential to alter genomic structure and gene expression. Recombination between two TEs can result in chromosomal rearrangements or deletions of the interleaving genomic sequence. Transposition is regulated by the cellular processes that produce active transposase. Transposition regulation is unique to each element and encompasses transcription, differential splicing, translation, and protein-protein interaction regulation.
Abstract: Transposable elements make up a significant portion of plant genomes and are thought to play a key role in genomic reorganization and functional alterations. Transposable elements are known to cause a wide range of gene expression and function modifications in plants. This has led to the hypothesis that transposable element activity aided adaptive ...
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Dose-Dependent and Time-Dependent Antitumor Activity of Pleurotus ostreatus Polysaccharides in Vitro
Zhang Shuhong,
Zhang Yunfeng,
Gao Fengju,
Fan Yongshan
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 2, March 2022
Pages:
75-80
Received:
20 March 2022
Accepted:
15 April 2022
Published:
20 April 2022
Abstract: Elucidation of the in vitro antitumor effects of Pleurotus ostreatus polysaccharides is very important for their future clinical application. In this paper, we use Sarcoma-180 (S180) cells to test the antitumor activity of the mushroom polysaccharides. The S180 cells in freshly prepared mouse ascites were directly treated by water-soluble polysaccharides from mycelium of Pleurotus ostreatus and immediately detected by MTT [3-(4,5)-dimethylthiahiazo (-z-y1)-3,5-di- phenytetrazoliumromide] method. The results can be directly visualized with naked eyes through the color changes. The in vitro antitumor activity of P. ostreatus polysaccharides on S180 cells are dose-dependently and time-dependently. P. ostreatus strains p11, p23, P44, p105 and p176 showed significant inhibition to S180 cell activity under high polysaccharides concentration (1000μg/ml ~ 1250μg/ml), and there are non-significant effects under the middle concentration (750μg/ml). On the contrary, the S180 cell activity were significantly enhanced under low concentration (250μg/mL-500μg/ml). The effects of polysaccharides generally increased during 4-8 treat hours, but remained stable more than 7 hours. However, the strains P23, P44 and P105 enhanced the S180 cell activity for short time processing (4-5h), but inhibited the cell activity for long time processing (6-8h). Among the tested mushroom strains, P44 exhibited the highest inhibition rate (68.4%) under high concentration of 1250µg/ml and treat time of 7-8 hours, P23 had the highest enhancement (119.5%) under low concentration of 250µg/ml and treat time of 8 hours. The antitumor activity of P. ostreatus polysaccharides was dependent on its concentration and treat time, indicating the complicated antitumor mechanism of mushroom polysaccharides and the strict study should be conducted before their clinical application.
Abstract: Elucidation of the in vitro antitumor effects of Pleurotus ostreatus polysaccharides is very important for their future clinical application. In this paper, we use Sarcoma-180 (S180) cells to test the antitumor activity of the mushroom polysaccharides. The S180 cells in freshly prepared mouse ascites were directly treated by water-soluble polysacch...
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Study on the Migratory and Dweller Birds of Band-Khushdil Khan Lake, Pishin, Pakistan Associated with Population Decline Risk Factors
Syed Inamullah,
Asmatullah Kakar,
Sharif Uddin,
Mohammad Dawood,
Rehmatullah
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 2, March 2022
Pages:
81-88
Received:
4 February 2022
Accepted:
15 March 2022
Published:
20 April 2022
Abstract: Band-Khushdil Khan lake in Pishin (Balochistan) support migratory bird population during their seasonal migration. The lake is an important stopover for migratory and native bird species. Due to habitat loss, hunting and trapping of birds, a large number of species are under threat and also result in a wide variety of biological changes, population, community and ecosystem level, which in turn extremely affect the survival of aves fauna. Therefore, to fill this gap of scientific knowledge, the present study was conducted with the aim to explore the population status of migratory and native birds of Band-Khushdil Khan lake and to determine the major threats to these birds of the area as it was ignored since long. Data was massed during the period from August 2020 to December 2021 by visiting the field and by communicating with the residents and hunters about the current and past status of the avian fauna of the study area. A total of 87 bird species were recorded belonging to 15 orders and 36 families inhabit the area. Order Passeriformes was the most abundant order with 27 representative species followed by Anseriformes with 16 species. Most of the migratory birds were found winter visitors and more abundant than native birds and summer visitors. The fauna was not very rich due to the lack of flora of the area and also due to more hunting and drainage of water from the lake for agriculture purposes. Orders Passeriforemes, Anseriformes, Charadriformes, Ciconiiformes, Falconiformes, Pterocliformes, Piciformes, Otidiformes, Passeriforemes, Pelecaniforme were found migratory, and orders Strigiformes, Columbiformes, Galliformes, Accipitriformes, Falconiformes were found resident while few members of Passeriforemes and Pelecaniformes were found migratory and few residents. In this study it was observed that feeding and habitat availability play important roles in the diversity and distribution of the avian fauna of area. It was also found that birds are intensively hunted and captured in their native range in and nearby the lake, owing to which local populations could be declining. Based on the present investigations, it is suggested that priority actions for the conservation of threatened birds and species of specific conservation interest should be supervised by responsible organizations to reestablish bird’s biodiversity in Band-Khushdil Khan lake (Pakistan). Possible proposed actions include appropriate management of network site, monitoring of migratory and native birds population, and the founding of projects on bird’s migration and freshwater reservoirs safety in the region.
Abstract: Band-Khushdil Khan lake in Pishin (Balochistan) support migratory bird population during their seasonal migration. The lake is an important stopover for migratory and native bird species. Due to habitat loss, hunting and trapping of birds, a large number of species are under threat and also result in a wide variety of biological changes, population...
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The Reaction of Various Functional Systems of the Body in the Dynamics of Oxygen Deficiency
Marietta Karapetyan,
Nonna Adamyan,
Susanna Sahakyan
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 2, March 2022
Pages:
89-93
Received:
19 March 2022
Accepted:
9 April 2022
Published:
28 April 2022
Abstract: The paper presents a comparative analysis of data on the effect of moderate and acute hypoxia on the functional state of systems at various levels of organization - molecular (amide groups of brain proteins), cellular (background electrical activity of neurons), systemic (electroencephalogram - EEG, electrocardiogram (ECG) and organismic (integrative signal of the body). Changes in electrographic parameters have an adaptive meaning for the body and are of a phase nature: in moderate hypoxia (4500-5000 m) the indicators are activated, and at acute hypoxia (7500 - 8000 m) - are depressed. 15-30 minutes after exposure to hypoxia at normal atmospheric pressure, the values of almost all indicators are back to normal. It is shown, that a prolonged aftereffect of acute hypoxia is observed at the organism molecular level. Under oxygen deficiency, the number of amide groups of brain proteins increases. After the hypoxic factor, this violation persists for a day. The data of the influence of hypoxia on animals, lead to the conclusion, that the functional systems of different levels of organization react ambiguously to the impact of increasing oxygen deficiency. However, in the dynamics of hypoxia in the values of the integrative signal recorded by a non-invasive method from the body surface, phase changes are not observed, on the contrary, the shifts are unidirectional. Certain deviations of the indicators of the integrative signal in the phase of moderate hypoxia increase during acute hypoxia and continue for several hours. We conclude that the remote "Bioscope" signal being integral in nature, is not the sum of individual electrographic indicators of various functional systems and has a high sensitivity and specificity to the change of physiological state of animal.
Abstract: The paper presents a comparative analysis of data on the effect of moderate and acute hypoxia on the functional state of systems at various levels of organization - molecular (amide groups of brain proteins), cellular (background electrical activity of neurons), systemic (electroencephalogram - EEG, electrocardiogram (ECG) and organismic (integrati...
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